Human Security Challenges

Dr. Daniel S. Papp retired as President of Kennesaw State University (KSU) in 2016.  Since his retirement, he has served as President of Papp Consulting LLC.

During his 10 years as president, Papp led the consolidation of KSU and Southern Polytechnic State, making KSU one of the 50 largest U.S. universities; initiated its first doctoral programs; led KSU’s first capital campaign; added over $500 million of facilities; guided KSU into NCAA Division I athletics including intercollegiate football; expanded KSU’s external funded research; and doubled KSU’s study abroad program, including opening KSU’s first international campus.

Before becoming KSU President, Papp was Senior Vice Chancellor for Academics and Fiscal Affairs of the University System of Georgia (USG); Interim President of Southern Polytechnic; Executive Assistant to the President of Georgia Tech; Founding Director of Tech’s Sam Nunn School of International Affairs; and Director of Tech’s School of Social Sciences.

Papp has been Senior Research Scholar at both the Center for Aerospace Doctrine of the Air War College and the Strategic Studies Institute of the Army War College.  The Army twice awarded him the “Outstanding Civilian Service” medal.  He also has been Visiting Professor at Western Australia Institute of Technology in Perth; Visiting Professor at Fudan University in Shanghai; and led study abroad programs to the Soviet Union, France, Germany, and Italy.   

A Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Dartmouth College, Dr. Papp earned his Ph.D. in International Affairs from the University of Miami.  He is the author, co-author, or editor of 14 books and over 80 articles on U.S. and Soviet/Russian foreign policy and international relations, including former Secretary of State Dean Rusk’s autobiography, As I Saw It.

Dr. Nilofar Sakhi is a professorial lecturer of International Affairs at Elliott school of George Washington University. She is also a nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council. She served as course coordinator and instructor at U.S. Department of State’s Foreign Service Institute and a Director of Policy and Diplomacy at McColm & Company. Sakhi also taught at George Mason University and American University of Afghanistan. She also served as a country director of the Open Society Foundation and an executive director at the American University of Afghanistan where she serves as a trustee.

A former Fulbright fellow, Sakhi has written extensively on various aspects of traditional and nontraditional security, geopolitics of peace, peacemaking and peacebuilding processes and human security. Her recent book is on Human Security and Agency: Reframing productive power in Afghanistan. Currently she is working on regional security with a case study of Afghanistan-South and Central Asia and exploring the domestic and external incongruences that impact regional peace diplomacy.

Nilofar has been involved in assisting peace, development, and counter insurgency policy formulation. A former visiting fellow at National Endowment for Democracy and Columbia University, and a fellow at Asia Society and International Center for Tolerance Education, Nilofar has researched a wide range of research projects pertaining to politics of peace, security, negotiations and mediation in peacemaking processes.

Abstract 

Human Security in Afghanistan with Reflections on Iran

Dr. Wolterstorff’s expertise is cultural psychosocial development and group trauma, in particular the behavior of societies responding to existential, long-term threats. He founded and leads Sovereignty First.

Dr. Wolterstorff’s methodology is at the core of a current 5-year program in Liberia, and past projects in Afghanistan and Syria. 

Since 2012, Dr. Wolterstorff has worked with the US stability operations and nation-building community, including the Special Inspector for Iraq Reconstruction, the US Army War College, the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy and other peacebuilding NGOs, active and retired ambassadors, generals and colonels, politicians, and investors to develop tools to improve self-governance, the quality and likelihood of success of stability operations, and investments in politically and culturally opaque countries with weak rule of law and contract enforcement. 

As the head of a crisis management firm, he led five successful turnarounds in the United States and Indonesia, and is part-owner and serves a senior advisor Cooperative Capacity Partners. As a psychotherapist, he trained hundreds of trauma psychotherapists in the United States and Germany. 

Dr. Wolterstorff’s goal is to help social impact investor ecosystem builders trying to solve complex problems in frontier markets.

Abstract

Human Security and the Safety Spiral 

In societies that experience prolonged social trauma, conflict transformation, sustainable development and democratic governance are compromised because when the challenge is to assess whether a person or situation is safe, peace is difficult. In this paper, we introduce a model for addressing prolonged social trauma in conflict or post-conflict societies. Grounded in the work of psychoanalyst Lloyd deMause, who argued that culture is transmitted largely through a society’s childrearing practices, we propose to create space for psychological rehabilitation in peacebuilding. In this paper, we discuss empathy, impulse control, collaborative reasoning and moral reasoning as skills to strengthen the capacity to cooperate among individuals suffering from prolonged social trauma, and appeal to integrate healing from social trauma into post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuilding.

Associate professor in the Institute of International Studies, University of Wrocław. His research interests focus on the international relations, politics of security and armed forces in the Middle East. He is an author and co-author of four monographs and numerous journal articles and book chapters. He has been a Fulbright scholarship holder and holds the position of a coordinator of the Erasmus Mundus Global Studies program at the University of Wroclaw.

E-mail address: jaroslaw.jarzabek@uwr.edu.pl

Academia: https://wroc.academia.edu/JaroslawJarzabek

Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.pl/citations?user=9H7YCsQAAAAJ&hl=pl

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0539-8444

Abstract

Responsibility to Protect and Human Security – A Failed (?) Attempt to Secure Civilian Lives in the Armed Conflicts

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is an international norm that seeks to ensure that the international community does not fail to halt the genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and other crimes against humanity. The traditional doctrine of international security, based on the United Nations Charter, focused on conflicts and threats of an interstate nature. However, war crimes and crimes of genocide committed during internal conflicts in the 20th century revealed serious shortcomings and flaws in the existing solutions. It became an impulse to develop and present new solutions in the form of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. It is not regulated by any specific act of international law, instead it rests upon other legal acts. The main responsibility of states under the R2P doctrine should be the use of non-military measures to protect the population at risk. The R2P doctrine proposes numerous measures to halt the violence in a state that is able or willing to properly protect the lives of their own population. Among them are mainly the non-military measures (eg. mediation, political pressure, economic sanctions, arms sales embargoes etc.) with the use of military force as a measure of last resort. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of R2P doctrine as a tool to protect the security of human beings in the internal and international armed conflicts.

Dr. Cristina Matiuta teaches in the areas of Civil Society, Political Parties and Theories of Democracy. She is a Jean Monnet professor in the field of European integration studies and founder and editor of the Journal of Identity and Migration Studies.

Dr. Raluca Viman-Miller has a Ph.D. from Georgia State University, a master’s degree from Georgia Southern University and she completed her undergraduate work at “Babes-Bolyai” University in Cluj-Napoca Romania.  She has completed research and published on issues such as: the impact of migration on political behavior, political communication, regional and bilateral relations with implications on the European security. She teaches classes on Global Issues, Comparative Politics, European Politics, Russian Foreign Policy, International Relations, and American Government at undergraduate and graduate level.

Abstract

Human Security and War: Case Study on Ukrainian Refugees in Romania

Starting from the definition of human security: to protect individuals and their communities from threats to their well-being and physical security, this study looks at the role of the state and non-state actors in protecting the Ukrainian war refugees in Romania. Looking at the systemic, state, and individual levels of analysis, this paper applies these theoretical perspectives to the case study of Romania as transit or destination country. It explores the involvement of the Romanian government structures, private sector, civil society, and local communities in assisting these people in need.

Dr. Volker Franke is a Professor of Conflict Management in the Department of Political Science and International Affairs at Kennesaw State University. Prior to coming to KSU, Dr. Franke was Associate Professor of Political Science and International Studies at McDaniel College in Westminster, MD. From 2006-2008, he served as Director of Research at the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), one of Germany’s premier peace and conflict research and capacity building institutes. Currently, Dr. Franke also serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of the German Foundation of Peace Research. From 1998-2007, he was Director and Managing Editor of the National Security Studies Case Studies Program at Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. Dr. Franke holds a Ph.D. in political science from Syracuse University’s Maxwell School, a Master of Public Administration degree from North Carolina State University and a MA in political science and sociology from Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. He is the author of Preparing for Peace: Military Identity, Value-Orientations, and Professional Military Education (Praeger 1999) and more than 30 journal articles, book chapters, case studies and research reports on issues related to peace and security studies, conflict management, civil-military relations, development policy and social identity. He is also the editor of Terrorism and Peacekeeping: New Security Challenges (Praeger 2005) and Security in a Changing World: Case Studies in U.S. National Security Management (Praeger 2002).

Dr. Stringer commissioned as an active-duty Army Aviator in 1987 and was a Eurasian Foreign Area Officer and Strategist assigned to U.S. Special Operations Command Europe and U.S. Special Operations Command. For interagency assignments, he was Director, Plans and Strategy (J5) for a transregional special operations task force in the Middle East and U.S. Africa Command’s (AFRICOM) Liaison Officer to the Department of State in Washington. He served as a military faculty member at the U.S. Army War College in 2021.

As a civilian, Dr. Stringer has served as a Foreign Service Officer with the Department of State and as an Associate Professor of International Affairs. Currently, he is the Chair of Education for the US Irregular Warfare Center and Visiting Associate Professor at the General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania.

He earned a Ph.D. in International Affairs from the University of Zurich, a Master of Arts in International Relations from Boston University, a Master of Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College, and a B.Sc. degree from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Dr. Stringer was a distinguished graduate of both the U.S. Military Academy and the U.S. Army War College.

With over 30 years of active and reserve military service, his research focuses on irregular warfare, special operations, Russian indirect action, and multinational operations. The author of the book Military Organizations for Homeland Defense and Smaller-Scale Contingencies (2006, Praeger), Dr. Stringer has published in Naval War College Review, Joint Force Quarterly, Military Review, Parameters, Special Operations Journal, and the Journal on Baltic Security. He is the holder of the Estonian Defence Forces Meritorious Service Cross for his work on resistance and resilience initiatives in that country. 

For the last ten years, Ieva Gajauskaitė she has specialized in the analysis of strategic partnerships, social constructivism, and resilience to hybrid threats. She lectures on China’s strategy towards Europe at Vytautas the Great Army Command and Staff Course (ACSC) and The Air Force Command and Staff Course (AFCSC). She is a head of the national project on Resilience to hybrid threats and hybrid operations (in cooperation with MoD).

Abstract

Deterrence by Democratic Resilience: The Sixth Column

Hybrid warfare no longer allows the distinction between peace and war to be made without political will, which determines whether the damage inflicted on a state meets the threshold for war. Accordingly, defence policymaking becomes dependent on the vulnerability of other areas of public policy and the characteristics of the state system itself. In this context, foreign interference is deemed to be a threat to national security rather than a deterrent capability that could be fostered. The idea of positive peace is rooted in the concept of human security, the ultimate goal of which entails the resilience of society based on unity and non-violent societal attitudes arising out of common good.     

The era of hybrid threats and hybrid warfare has put the fifth column back on the Defence Policy Studies agenda. While members of the fifth column are regarded as potential traitors, the sixth column can be appreciated as potential allies, enabling the transformation of undemocratic hybrid actors from within. Thus, the intervention of democracies in the process of resilience of authoritarian regimes is made more feasible by the support of internal groups that seek to rebuild or to reinforce the democratic processes that still exist.  The aim of the paper is to introduce the concept of how democratic resilience based on human security could lead to a positive peace in the setting of hybrid warfare.

Tiia-Triin Truusa works at the Baltic Defence College in the Dean’s office as Manager of Academic and Outreach Activities. She is also a Research Fellow in Military Sociology at the University of Tartu and a lecturer in the Community Development and Social Well-being Master’s Programme. Her thesis “The entangled gap: the male Estonian citizen and the interconnections between civilian and military spheres in society” investigated the multiple civil-military nexus, the various intersections between the civil and military spheres over a man’s lifetime in a broad-base security system. Her research areas include veteran’s issues, military families, conscripts, voluntary defence and will to defend. She is the President of the European Research Group on Military and Society since 2019 and she has been a member of the Women’s Voluntary Defence Organization since 2002.

Abstract:

Human Security Perspectives Within Comprehensive Defence: How Does “Will to Defend” Figure Into Human Security?

States that have adopted the national comprehensive defence approach have to varying degrees moved away from the understanding that security is something that is solely in the states’ purview. The underlying principle has become that the whole of society is engaged in security and defence practices. Thus, one of the more perhaps unconventional ideas is that all members of society are not only consumers of security and defence but are active participants in producing societal security and national defence.  

Public opinion polls in Estonia indicate high levels of “the will to defend” – a concept that traditionally has been connected mainly to taking up arms in the defence in case of an attack on sovereignty. Willingness to do one’s part according to one’s abilities in crisis, including war has become more important only in recent years. Our research also indicates that the will to be a part of security and defence mechanisms and structures varies for individuals by intensity and intent.  

When adopting the human security view, the view that security needs to counterbalance all manner of vulnerabilities, we also need to acknowledge that the actual insecurities must drive our response mechanisms. In that sense concrete human security practices will become context-specific, though adhering to general humane values.  

This presentation concentrates on how can the concept of “the will to defend” be used as a tool for enhancing human security within the national comprehensive defence paradigm. 

Lieutenant Colonel Salum has served in the Estonian Defence Forces since 1998, mostly in staff and professional military education assignments. In 2006 he deployed to Iraq as a staff officer in the Coalition headquarters. LtCol Salum holds a Master’s degree from Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program and is a graduate of the U.S. Marine Corps Command and Staff College Blended Seminar Program.

Abstract

Resilience Against Russian Threats: The Baltic States Experiences and Perspective

The Baltic states have been subjected to pressure from Russia across the whole PMESII (Political, Military, Economy, Social, Information, Infrastructure) spectrum since regaining their independence in 1991. Russia’s focus on a particular Baltic state or a specific domain has been shifting throughout the decades, depending mostly on Russia’s own interests and the dynamics of Russia’s relations with the West. Russia’s pressure on the Baltic states, however, has remained constant. The Baltic states have reduced their vulnerabilities in multiple domains and are conducting an active battle against Russian disinformation efforts both at home and in the wider West. The Russian minority population in Estonia and Latvia are a significant factor that Russia seeks to exploit. The main vulnerability of the Baltic states continues to be their military inferiority when compared to Russia. This has been partially alleviated by the deployment of allied units in accordance with the decisions taken at NATO Wales Summit of 2014 and enhanced by the decisions taken at the Warsaw Summit in 2016. In light of Russia’s rhetoric and activities across the PMESII spectrum before and during the expanded aggression against Ukraine in February 2022, the Baltic states have had to pay even more attention and devote significantly more resources to all aspects of resilience, not just military acquisitions. This continues to be a financial challenge. Fortunately, membership in the EU and NATO is the most vital guarantee of continuing stability, security, and sovereignty of the Baltic states.

Steven Fleming, Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired), is a Professor of Geospatial Science and Intelligence with the Institute for Environmental and Spatial Analysis at the University of North Georgia where he teaches courses in geospatial intelligence, military geography, and the spatial sciences. From 2015-2022, he served as a Professor at the University of Southern California’s Spatial Sciences Institute and Institute for Creative Technologies. Prior to joining USC, he served on active duty for 30 years in the U.S. Army, fulfilling Joint and NATO duties on multiple deployments in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. He culminated his military career at the United States Military Academy where he was an Academy Professor of Geospatial Information Science. His research specialties focus on applications of geospatial technologies for national defense (military operations, homeland security, and disaster management).

Abstract

Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) – Applications for Security and Safety Operations

Integrated and coordinated international, national, and local operations enable resilience and resistance to human security and safety threats. These threats come in many forms including (but not limited to) natural disasters, humanitarian crises, environmental risks, public health issues, military conflicts, terrorist attacks, genocide, political violence, and resource accessibility and/or competition. GEOINT applications leverage geospatial science and technologies as intelligence tools to address these threats. This presentation outlines some of the GEOINT resources and applications that assist in informing decision-makers charged with managing disaster response, humanitarian relief efforts, and local/regional/national security.

Dr. Dorff currently serves as a consultant for two US-based companies, Carl Marks Advisors and The Leadership Collaborative, and as Senior Advisor for Gables Group Strategies, Inc. He specializes in formulating and applying strategy and in developing strategic leadership in higher education, non-profits, and international business. Until his retirement in 2020, Dr. Dorff spent more than 40 years in higher education that included administrative leadership roles as Provost/Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs, Dean, and with the rank of Full Professor of Political Science and International Affairs. He served as the General Douglas MacArthur Research Professor of National Security Affairs (2007-2012) at the U.S. Army War College with a special focus on US-Transatlantic Relations, NATO, and International Security. Prior to that he was Professor of National Security Policy and Strategy in the Department of National Security and Strategy (1997-2004), held the General Maxwell D. Taylor Chair (1999-2002), and served as Department Chair (2001-2004). Dr. Dorff also served as Executive Director of the Institute of Political Leadership in Raleigh, NC, a multi-party non-profit that worked with people who wanted to run for elected office.

He lectures and consults frequently on strategy, leadership, and international security issues for corporate as well as national security audiences and has spoken all over the U.S. and in Canada, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Dr. Dorff is the recipient of the U.S. Army Superior Civilian Service Award, the U.S. Army Outstanding Civilian Service Medal, and the U.S. Secretary of State Distinguished Public Service Award. He received his B.A. from Colorado College and his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. He lives in Holderness, New Hampshire.

Joanna Dyduch, Ph.D., is Associate Professor at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, political scientist and international relations scholar, and head of the Department of Israel at the Institute of Middle and Far East.

Her research interests lie in the area of Israeli and European studies, specifically foreign policy analysis, European integration processes (Europeanisation and de-Europeanisation especially in the filed of foreign and security Policy and energy policy). Additionally, her research activities touch upon intersections between the foreign policy and energy related issues.

Joanna’s papers were published in: Journal of European Integration, Israel Studies Review, Energy Policy, Applied Energy, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, and the edited collection published by Routledge and Palgrave Macmillan.

Form 2019 she serves as the president of the European Association for Israeli Studies and since 2021 as a Board Member of the Association of Israel Studies based in US.

She has been a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna (2017), Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica (2019), the University of Potsdam (2020), the University of Maryland (2022) and a research fellow of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in 2018.

Finally, she has participated in several research projects and currently she is a principal investigator in research project “Energy security and increasing international interdependence. Israeli energy policy in transition” funded by Polish National Science Center (OPUS -2022-2025) and the European project SHAPEDEM-EU: Rethinking and Reshaping the EU’s democracy support in its Eastern and Southern Neighbourhood, HORIZON-CL2-2021-DEMOCRACY-01 (2022.10.01-2025.09. 30)

Recent Publications (most relevant):

• Dyduch, (2023). Israel and the EU: Ambivalent Relations in a Changing World. In: Kumaraswamy, P.R. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2717-0_89-1
• Dyduch, R.M. Elavarasan, R. Pugazhendhi, G.M. Shafiullah, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, Mohammad Taufiqul Arif, Taskin Jamal, Shauhrat Singh Chopra. Impacts of COVID-19 on Sustainable Development Goals and effective approaches to maneuver them in the post-pandemic environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17793-9
• Dyduch & M. Müller, (2021). “Populism meets EU Foreign Policy: The de-Europeanization of Poland's Foreign Policy toward the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, Journal of European Integration, forthcoming Special Issue on de-Europeanization. DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2021.1927010
• Dyduch, Israel and East-Central Europe. Case Studies of Israel Relations with Poland and Hungary, Israel Studies Review, Volume 36, Issue 1, Spring 2021: 7–25, doi:10.3167/isr.2021.360103
• Dyduch, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, Rishi Pugazhendhi, Taskin Jamal (et.al.) Envisioning the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through the lens of energy sustainability (SDG 7) in the post-COVID-19 world, Applied Energy, April 2021,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116665
• Dyduch, A. Skorek, Go South! Southern dimension of the V4 states’ energy policy strategies – An assessment of viability and prospects, "Energy Policy", Volume 140, May 2020, 11137.
• Dyduch, Bilateralism within the European Union: Examining the explanatory power of horizontal Europeanisation and interdependence, in: Poland and Germany in the European Union. The Multi-dimensional Dynamics of Bilateral Relations, ed. E. Opiłowska, M.Sus, Routledge, 2021

Abstract

Why Individuals Matters

The Case of ‘Human Security’ Perception in the Light of the Securitisation and De-securitisation of Israeli Energy Policy.

Varun Gupta teaches logistics and supply chain management courses. He earned a Ph.D. in Operations Management from the University of Texas at Dallas. He also has an MBA and an MS in Supply Chain Management from the University of Texas at Dallas. Varun’s research interests broadly include supply chain risk management, revenue management, logistics, and applications of game theory to different supply chain issues. Before joining academia, he worked as a Business Analyst for Consumer Goods. For research, student engagement, etc., Varun has collaborated with various national and global retailers (Michaels, Target and Home Depot), small to medium-sized manufacturing (Zeyon, Truck-Lite), and different-sized logistics firms (Logistics+ and Syfan Logistics).

Abstract

In today’s globalized world, threats to humanity can come in different forms, including cyberattacks, supply chain disruptions, epidemic breakouts, natural disasters, or violent conflicts. Specifically, supply chains responsible for delivering essential survival products during peacetime or critical supplies during conflict for civilians and military can experience unplanned disruptions. These disruptions can result in delivery delays or, worse, no availability of essential products (food, water, medicine, PPE, etc.), putting human lives at risk. We will discuss some of these supply chain challenges and how the United States government is working to secure these supply chains in the national interest.

Research Unit at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) in Washington, D.C., a visiting scholar at the Prague University of Economics and Business, Department of International and Diplomatic Studies and a visiting Professor at the University of South Bohemia, the Czech Republic, and former Research Professor at the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle, PA.

Dr. da Cruz is currently visiting professor at the Strategic Landpower and Futures Group (SLFG), Center for Strategic Leadership (CSL), Homeland Defense & Security Studies at the U.S. Army War College  

Dr. da Cruz is on the Board of Directors of the World Affairs Council of America. Dr. da Cruz is also a CISCO Certified CyberOps Officer, Certified INFOSEC Cybersecurity Administrator, Certified HIPAA Compliance Officer, a certified US Department of Homeland Security Military Resources in Emergency Management, Computer Security Incident Handler, and a Certified Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Cyber Intelligence.

Abstract

Drones, Crime, Emerging Technologies, and Human Security Challenges in the Americas

Drones are becoming integral to criminal organizations’ toolboxes, challenging law enforcement agencies. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles or systems (UAVs or UAS), are becoming more common along the US-Mexico border. Drones can transport drugs without putting resources at risk, be used as lookouts or spies, and provide up-to-the-minute intelligence information for criminal organizations as observation platforms for reconnaissance and surveillance. Drones also complicate the fight against criminal organizations and terrorist groups. This presentation illustrates the challenges Latin American law enforcement organizations face with the rise of innovative technologies of criminality. The presentation also discusses how these recent technologies are impacting regional human security. 

Dr. Mark Grzegorzewski is affiliated with the Irregular Warfare Center and is also an Army Cyber Institute Non-Resident Fellow. His recent publications include: "Cybersecurity and Strategic Deterrence: Changing Adversary’s Risk Versus Reward Calculations,” “In Search of Security: Understanding the Motives Behind Iran’s Cyber-Enabled Influence Campaigns,” “Why the United States Must Win the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Race,” "Technology Adoption in Unconventional Warfare,” and “Incorporating the Cyberspace Domain: How Russia and China Exploit Asymmetric Advantages in Great Power Competition.” Dr. Grzegorzewski holds a Ph.D., M.A., and B.A. in Political Science from the University of South Florida, along with a graduate certificate in Globalization Studies.

Abstract

Advancements in information collection, communications, weapons, and their associated technologies have often propelled their wielding armies to extraordinary successes. These product advances and their supply chains have always required protections against exploitation, sabotage, and attack. Through advances in communications technology, reductions in trade barriers, production and shipping costs, and an increase in international connections, the cyberspace vulnerabilities to military products and their supply chain have become progressively inherent in a product’s life cycle. From concept to disposal, product interaction with precarious and often murky supply chain realities - consisting of multiple tiers of outsourced contractors, subcontractors, manufacturers, and material suppliers that are increasingly diversified, fluid, and global - and the DOD’s current acquisition strategies make it increasingly challenging to determine cyberspace risks in, or to, the delivered products. Modern warfare has transformed into blended - physical and cyber -operations, and the supply chain is under increasing compromise by cyber threats. The stated compounding variables exponentially increase the potential exploitation of cyberspace product vulnerabilities by nefarious adversaries. This access may readily concede product security, integrity, and operating capability and have profound implications for mission success.

Michele Devlin is a Doctor of Public Health, registered nurse, and emergency medical technician. Her primary specialty areas include the circumpolar human terrain of the North, environmental migrants, civil-military response to climate disasters, indigenous populations, and cross-cultural engagement with diverse and underserved populations.

Prior to joining the US Army War College, Dr. Devlin was Professor of Global Health at the University of Northern Iowa for 27 years. She was the founding director of the UNI Global Health Corps and the Iowa Center on Health Disparities, a model agency established by the National Institutes of Health to improve health equity for underserved populations.

Michele Devlin completed her doctorate degree in international public health at the University of California at Los Angeles. She has published more than 150 articles, reports, and books including “Health Matters: A Guide to Working with Diverse and Underserved Populations”; “Postville USA:  Surviving Diversity in Small-Town America”; and “Tactical Anthropology: A Practical Guide for Emergency Responders in Culturally Complex Communities.”  In addition to her academic and center director expertise, Dr. Devlin has 25 years of experience providing technical assistance on cross-cultural issues to thousands of military members, first responders, public health professionals, and emergency managers at the national and international levels.

Dr. Devlin has served as a frequent cultural awareness trainer for the Iowa Department of Public Safety and Law Enforcement Academies. She is an international disaster relief team member with the American Red Cross and has deployed to both Haiti and the Philippines.  Dr. Devlin has led or participated in multiple medical missions around the world, and is also a wilderness medic with the US National Park Service. She is a member of the California Medical Reserve Corps; the Iowa Disaster Medical Assistance Team; Disaster Mortuary Operational Team; Team Rubicon; and other humanitarian organizations.

Dr. Devlin is the recipient of the One Iowa Award, the Iowa Women’s Hall of Fame Award, the Iowa Civil Rights Award, and other honors for outstanding teaching, scholarship, and service.  She has extensive travel experience in 65 nations around the world, and most recently spent six months living and working above the Arctic Circle with indigenous Inupiaq communities on health and human security issues.  Dr. Devlin is honored to have served with the U.S. Army Corps of Civilians during Operation Enduring Freedom as a lead social scientist in Afghanistan.

Abstract

It's a Jungle Out There: The Growing Threat of Environmental Crimes to National Security

Environmental Security is a relatively new field that has numerous definitions and specialty areas. In general, it recognizes that a secure and stable environment is necessary for peace and prosperity of communities, and that environmental insecurity can contribute to conflict, poverty, social destabilization, forced migration, and war. While environmental security specialists in the military during the post-World War II era worked on addressing pollution and fallout from nuclear weapons, the scope of the field has grown substantially. For instance, in more recent years, environmental security is increasingly focused on the impact that climate change is playing on global security, peace, and development.

Climate change is linked to a myriad of national security concerns that range from reducing the carbon footprint of tactical vehicles to designing military bases that are resilient to extreme weather and severe disasters. However, social scientists are increasingly recognizing how human populations themselves are becoming impacted by climate change, such as through food and water security, exposure to violent extremist and transnational criminal organizations, increased conflict and forced migration, and other challenges that affect human rights, development, and peace across borders.

One of the least researched areas of the human impact that climate change is having on communities is on the weaponization of environmental insecurity through global, organized environmental crime networks. The United Nations Environment Program estimates that environmental crimes are growing by approximately 7% per year, or 2-3 times the rate of the global economy. Illegal mining, wildlife trafficking, black market deforestation, dumping of waste, overfishing, and other related activities are now the fourth leading global crime sector and a primary source of revenue for violent non-state actors around the world. INTERPOL estimates that upwards of $250 billion dollars may be stolen each year through environmental crime operations.

These activities prey upon vulnerable, poor populations, particularly minorities and indigenous groups, and may involve collusion with government officials and/or cross-border entities. Transnational organized crime organizations and violent extremist organizations may integrate environmental crimes into their networks of human, sex, drug, and weapons trafficking. Large-scale environmental crimes can destabilize regions, compound conflict, amplify forced migration, permanently damage ecosystems, negatively impact local economies through lost revenue and taxes, and create human rights abuses. They can create a level of overall environmental insecurity that non-state actors can use to prevent progress in promoting peace and security.

These crimes are both exacerbated by, and can contribute to, increased climate change with implications that spread beyond local borders, and they can impact both national and global security. This panel presentation provides an overview of the rapidly growing phenomena of environmental crimes, discusses its impact on human security, and provides recommendations for US military involvement in addressing this growing threat to national security. Case studies will also be featured of environmental crime patterns in several countries in two different regions of the world: Brazil in South America and Sierra Leone in West Africa. 

Research Unit at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) in Washington, D.C., a visiting scholar at the Prague University of Economics and Business, Department of International and Diplomatic Studies and a visiting Professor at the University of South Bohemia, the Czech Republic, and former Research Professor at the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle, PA.

Dr. da Cruz is currently visiting professor at the Strategic Landpower and Futures Group (SLFG), Center for Strategic Leadership (CSL), Homeland Defense & Security Studies at the U.S. Army War College.  

Dr. da Cruz is on the Board of Directors of the World Affairs Council of America. Dr. da Cruz is also a CISCO Certified CyberOps Officer, Certified INFOSEC Cybersecurity Administrator, Certified HIPAA Compliance Officer, a certified US Department of Homeland Security Military Resources in Emergency Management, Computer Security Incident Handler, and a Certified Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Cyber Intelligence.

Dr. Jalloh is a former refugee from Sierra Leone, West Africa, and a certified International Civil Servant by the United Nations (U.N.) with an extensive global experience; a social science researcher with a multi-disciplinary academic and professional background; as well as multi-lingual (speaks six languages).

Dr. Jalloh is an Assistant Professor of Global Public Health at Hollins University. His research agenda focuses on global health, including environmental health, [social] determinants of health, with an interest in global health security. As a native of Sierra Leone, Dr. Jalloh is familiar with environmental crimes, which is not only plaguing the country, but also the West Africa region. For example, illegal fishing and logging are rampant in West Africa, including Sierra Leone.

Within the realm of global health security, for example, his doctoral dissertation examined social and cultural factors that contributed to the transmission and spread of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) during the 2013-2016 outbreak in West Africa. While conducting the study, Dr. Jalloh became aware of the increasing threat of bioterrorism due to the potential weaponization of the Ebola virus by bad actors that could have a global implication.

Dr. Jalloh is deeply interested and invested in human rights. As such, he has extensive experience working with refugees/immigrants in Egypt and the U.S. While in Egypt as a refugee, he worked for the Forced Migration and Refugee Studies program at the American University in Cairo, Egypt. Also, he previously worked for the Iowa Migrant Education Program at the Iowa Department of Education, where he coordinated with school districts in the northwest region of Iowa, as well as provided needed support to migrant students and their families across the state. In this role, Dr. Jalloh was also a mentor to underserved high school students and helped them navigate the college process as first-generation college students. 

Globally, Dr. Jalloh is a member of the Youth Ambassador’s Committee for the World Leisure Organization (WLO), where he works with young people across the world with a focus on youth well-being and empowerment. His work has taken him around the world: from Hungary to South Africa, Senegal and Kenya, to Brazil and China. Previously, he served as a member of the Board of Directors, the U.N. Representative, and Program Manager for African Affairs for WLO – a global non-governmental organization with a consultative status with the U.N. Also, he previously worked at the Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at the U.N. headquarters in New York.

Dr. Jalloh holds a doctoral degree in allied health, recreation, and community services and a Master of Public Policy degree with a specialty in global health policy.

Feel free to follow him on Twitter: @jalloh711

Michele Devlin is a Doctor of Public Health, registered nurse, and emergency medical technician. Her primary specialty areas include the circumpolar human terrain of the North, environmental migrants, civil-military response to climate disasters, indigenous populations, and cross-cultural engagement with diverse and underserved populations.

Prior to joining the US Army War College, Dr. Devlin was Professor of Global Health at the University of Northern Iowa for 27 years. She was the founding director of the UNI Global Health Corps and the Iowa Center on Health Disparities, a model agency established by the National Institutes of Health to improve health equity for underserved populations.

Michele Devlin completed her doctorate degree in international public health at the University of California at Los Angeles. She has published more than 150 articles, reports, and books including “Health Matters: A Guide to Working with Diverse and Underserved Populations”; “Postville USA:  Surviving Diversity in Small-Town America”; and “Tactical Anthropology: A Practical Guide for Emergency Responders in Culturally Complex Communities.”  In addition to her academic and center director expertise, Dr. Devlin has 25 years of experience providing technical assistance on cross-cultural issues to thousands of military members, first responders, public health professionals, and emergency managers at the national and international levels.

Dr. Devlin has served as a frequent cultural awareness trainer for the Iowa Department of Public Safety and Law Enforcement Academies. She is an international disaster relief team member with the American Red Cross and has deployed to both Haiti and the Philippines.  Dr. Devlin has led or participated in multiple medical missions around the world, and is also a wilderness medic with the US National Park Service. She is a member of the California Medical Reserve Corps; the Iowa Disaster Medical Assistance Team; Disaster Mortuary Operational Team; Team Rubicon; and other humanitarian organizations.

Dr. Devlin is the recipient of the One Iowa Award, the Iowa Women’s Hall of Fame Award, the Iowa Civil Rights Award, and other honors for outstanding teaching, scholarship, and service.  She has extensive travel experience in 65 nations around the world, and most recently spent six months living and working above the Arctic Circle with indigenous Inupiaq communities on health and human security issues.  Dr. Devlin is honored to have served with the U.S. Army Corps of Civilians during Operation Enduring Freedom as a lead social scientist in Afghanistan.

Abstract

PUTTING THE PAST ON ICE: Evolving Security Considerations among Human Populations in a Warming Arctic     

The polar regions of the earth have increased in global strategic security importance in recent decades due to significant environmental change occurring on the planet. For example, the Arctic is warming approximately four to seven times faster than other regions on earth, and climate change is creating new threats and opportunities from a global security perspective. The United States, Russia, China, and other powerful nations have become increasingly competitive in the polar north, as global warming is soon likely to contribute to a reliably ice-free Northwest Passage for maritime commerce at least part of the year. Additionally, large amounts of the world’s energy resources such as rare earth minerals, 15% of the world’s oil, and 30% of its natural gas are believed to be located in the circumpolar North.

Environmental security is a relatively new area of military research and focuses heavily today on the immediate impact that global warming and severe weather have on installations, infrastructure, logistics, and transportation. A greater need now exists, though, to explore the second- and third-order effects of climate change from a social science perspective on humans and communities, and to understand the strategic security implications of these environmental transformations on the populations within military areas of responsibility. Nowhere is this need more urgent than in the circumpolar world, whose four million people and nearly 100 unique populations remain relatively unknown to many in the US military, despite the increased presence of security forces in the northern polar region.

To that end, this panel presentation highlights several case studies of how human populations are changing in the Arctic, and what the implications are for security operations from a strategic standpoint. The case studies are presented by colonels and lieutenant colonels from the US Army War College “Polar Bears”, a community of practice on Arctic and Antarctic environmental security issues. These teams of student scholars and their faculty advisors participated in research projects this academic year that were sponsored by senior military leaders from the 11th Airborne Division in Alaska, as well as the Department of Defense’s Ted Stevens Center for Arctic Security Studies in Anchorage. The purpose of these four research projects was to explore the impact of climate change in the Arctic from a human security standpoint. The four case studies featured in this Arctic environmental security panel include the following topics:

• How can the US enhance civil-military relationships with growing indigenous populations in a warming American High North to improve security operations? 
• As the Arctic warms, what are the lessons learned from COVID-19 and the 1918 Flu Pandemic to mitigate future mass infectious disease outbreaks in the circumpolar north?
• How is climate change impacting global human migration into the Arctic, and what are the security implications of this evolving ethnic diversity in such a strategic region?
• With the Arctic becoming more important strategically as it warms, how should the US military address evolving command and control needs of its personnel and operations in the High North? 

This panel presentation features US Army War College faculty and student scholars who will discuss each of these four research projects, define the challenges from an environmental and human security standpoint, and discuss strategies to address these situations within an Arctic region that is increasing in strategic importance as it warms.

• Current Assignment: US Army War College Student.
• Future Assignment: Military Deputy to the Aviation and Missile Center in Huntsville, AL.

• Current Assignment: US Army War College Student
• Future Assignment: Deputy G4, JFHQ, PAARNG, State Safety and Occupational Health Manager

• Current Assignment: US Army War College Student
• Future Assignment: Joint Staff J4

This topic will explore the role of state, non-state, and international actors in solving or mitigating human security challenges. Human security, as a governing principle, emphasizes freedom from want and freedom from fear as opposed to traditional national security, which emphasizes sovereignty and territorial integrity. Threats to human security manifest in several different ways, including economic, food, healthcare, and environmental challenges for institutions they may have a role in addressing. The symposium will bring together scholars, practitioners, and students from all over the world to discuss this impactful and important topic.

 Potential questions that may stimulate ideas for abstract submissions and discussion include the following:

•  What is the history and meaning of human security?
• What are current and anticipated threats to human security? (e.g., climate change, natural disaster, non-state actors, armed conflict, emerging technologies, etc.)
• What are the current and anticipated roles for the military in providing human security or supporting human security efforts? 
• What are the current and future roles of international organizations such as the UNSC, NATO, etc., in human security?
• How does the International Humanitarian Law and other relevant customary international law apply to human security?

Due August 7, 2023

Following the symposium, presenters are invited to submit papers to be considered for publication in the peer reviewed 2023 ILSS Symposium Proceedings, to be published by the University of North Georgia Press.

2023 ILSS Symposium Proceedings Article Submission Milestones and Guidelines

Milestones:

• May 8 - Invitations sent to symposium presenters to submit articles from their papers for inclusion in the peer reviewed Symposium Proceedings
• Aug 7 - Invited article submissions due. Article submissions should be emailed to Keith Antonia. Submissions should be in an attached Word Document, not in the body of the email. Put “Human Security Challenges” in the subject line
• Oct 23 - Symposium Proceedings double blind review reports completed
• Dec 18 - Article post-peer review revisions due

Guidelines for article submissions:

• The article should be preceded by an abstract of up to 150 words and a list of up to 10 keywords in alphabetical order.
• The article should be preceded by an abstract of up to 150 words and a list of up to 10 keywords in alphabetical order.
• Submit by email to (Keith.antonia@ung.edu) with Word Document attachments.
  • Use single-line spacing and single spaces following quotation marks.
  • Use double quotation marks and in-text parenthetical references after quotations, citing author, date, and page, i.e., (Smith 1990: 35), placed immediately after the end of a clause or sentence (i.e., following a comma or full stop).
  • For additional explanatory notes, please use automatic endnotes, indicated via superscript numerals (1-2-3 format) in the body of the text; like references, these should be placed immediately after punctuation marks.
  • Long quotations over three lines in length should be indented from both margins without quotation marks and set apart from the main body of the text via a blank line above and below.
  • Please include a full bibliography in Chicago Manual of Style form. 
  • Bibliography examples

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